The Grand Challenges are the central topics around which the science encompassed by Baltic Earth revolves. These topics reflect current issues which scientists feel have a strong relevance for the scope and vision of Baltic Earth. Over time, new topics may be added and old ones discontinued as societal and research priorities change and new compelling issues attract the interest of scientists. Review and possible revision of challenge topics in broad discussion among the scientific community of Baltic Earth will occur in conjunction with the biennial science conference, topical workshops, assessments and other activities. Dedicated Working Groups form the working level of the Grand Challenges.

1. Salinity dynamics in the Baltic Sea
2. Land-Sea biogeochemical linkages in the Baltic Sea region
3. Natural hazards and extreme events in the Baltic Sea region
4. Sea level dynamics in the Baltic Sea
5. Regional variability of water and energy exchanges
6. Multiple drivers for regional Earth system changes

In addition, Working Groups on the “Coupled Regional Climate System Models”, “Outreach and Communication” and “Education” are in place.

Aspects of anthropogenic changes and anthropogenic impacts on the Earth system of the Baltic Sea region shall be part of the GCs and be treated there together with the natural drivers, wherever possible and reasonable.

Detailed descriptions of the Grand Challenges can be found in the "Baltic Earth Science Plan 2017"